On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began. On the same day, June 22, an emergency joint meeting of the bureau of the Oirot regional party committee and the regional executive committee was held. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the conduct of military mobilization in the territory of 14 military districts, including the Siberian Bureau, the Oirot regional party committee and the regional executive committee adopted a Resolution on the conduct of mobilization in the field of mobilization, on the restructuring of the work of the apparatus of institutions, enterprises, collective farms and state farms, respectively wartime conditions.
On June 23, 1941, to provide practical assistance in mobilization, as well as to hold meetings and rallies in collective farms, state farms, at industrial enterprises, Soviet party activists left for the regions. Those liable for military service in 1905-1918 were subject to conscription. birth. In August 1941, in connection with the need to replenish the combat losses, those liable for military service in 1890-1904 were called up. birth. Additionally, all skiers who had the training of instructors or athletes of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd categories of masters of skiing, doctors, nurses, radio operators, snipers were called up. The mobilization in the region was successful in accordance with the mobilization plan: there was not a single delay in the appearance and dispatch of conscripts, vehicles were found and provided in a timely manner; mobilization points were provided with the necessary assortment of products in a timely manner: bread and bakery products; makhorka, matches, mail envelopes and postcards, pencils and other essentials. Before leaving for the front, the stores sold handkerchiefs, socks, cologne, tooth powder, and shoes. The main regional gathering point, through which all mobilized regions passed, with the exception of the Turachak aimag, was located in the village. Maima. Here the mobilized sold a custom-made through which all the mobilized regions passed, with the exception of the Turachak aimag, was in the village. Maima. Here the mobilized sold a custom-made through which all the mobilized regions passed, with the exception of the Turachak aimag, was in the village. Maima. Here the mobilized sold a custom-made Oirot Regional Consumer Union by local industry establishments underwear, tunics, trousers, duffel bags, cotton bags and shoes. Before going to the front, many soldiers contacted their fellow countrymen through the Krasnaya Oirotia newspaper, urging those who remained in the rear to work as best they could. Horses, equipment, and skis were sent to the front.
Everywhere citizens of Oirotia applied to the front. The historian Ya. I. Brazhnikov noted that all the statements were similar to each other, they all began with the words "Please send me to the front to defend my homeland", and ended: "I will fight the Nazis, not sparing my life." Applications to the military registration and enlistment offices were received individually, collectively, orally, by mail, by telegraph. The population of the region reacted by mass filing of applications to the Resolution of the Altai Territory Committee and the Oirot Regional Committee "On the creation of the first separate volunteer brigade of the Altai Territory" in 1942. completed at least a 110-hour military training program. By the end of July 1942, the manning was completed.
Immediately from the first day of the war, meetings and rallies of labor collectives and collective farmers began to be held in the city and in the region. At meetings and rallies, Soviet party activists explained the situation, called for an organized mobilization of human and material reserves, to strengthen work in agriculture and at industrial enterprises. On July 3, 1941, all working people of the Oirot region listened to a radio speech by the Chairman of the State Defense Committee (GKO) I. V. Stalin. At the end of the working day, in all aimag centers of the region, large rallies were held, and in the city of Oyrot-Tura - rallies at all enterprises, institutions and organizations. On July 3 and 4, 1941, rallies were held in all collective farms in the region. All organizational and production activities of labor collectives and institutions were rebuilt in a military fashion. In each aimach center, groups of lecturers, agitators and propagandists were created, for example, only in Oirot-Tur (Mayminsky) region there were 32 lecturers and propagandists. In each settlement, collective readings of the Sovinformburo messages were regularly held, radio listening was organized everywhere. Within the framework of the general compulsory training of citizens of the region in military affairs, training centers were set up in the city and in aimag centers, equipped with visual aids, posters, training rifles, obstacle courses. They trained the population in anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection, military science, and work was organized to attract townspeople to the ranks of donors. Courses, schools, squads were opened in the region to prepare for sending skiers, radio operators, nurses, etc. to the front. Oyrot-Tura worked courses for ski instructors, evening courses for radio specialists. Courses for nurses and evening schools for sanitary squads operated in the region.
The total number of those mobilized to the front in the Oirot region was 42,268 people, about 11 thousand people went to the front as volunteers. 25 Gorno-Altaians were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 3 became full holders of the Order of Military Glory, about 17 thousand front-line soldiers were awarded orders and medals. 19901 soldiers died on the battlefieldsfrom Gorny Altai. The Gorno-Altaians fought with dignity on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War. A participant in the parade of the Red Army troops on November 7, 1941 on Red Square was M. Pobegaev, who was awarded the Order of the Red Star, the medal "For the Defense of Moscow", the Chekist's badge, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree. One of the Panfilov heroes was the Hero of the USSR N.I. Trofimov. The heroes of the Soviet Union Zh. A. Eleusov and K. A. Tugambaev were the participants in the crossing of the Dnieper River; A. N. Lenkin was the commander of the reconnaissance squadron of the partisan division of S. A. Kovpak. Our fellow countryman V.V. Chevalkov was a full holder of the Orders of Glory. Among the participants in the battle for Berlin was our fellow countryman N.M. Tyryshkin, who was awarded 6 military orders: Alexander Nevsky, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, World War I and II degrees, the Order of the Red Star.
At the beginning of the war, the Defense Fund and the Red Army Fund were formed. The defense fund received funds from the population, the Red Army fund received annual deductions from collective and state farms, including grain deliveries. The movement for the creation of a national defense fund from voluntary contributions from the population of the region began in the Oirot region from the first days of the Great Patriotic War. All citizens of Oirotia took part in the creation of the defense fund: workers, collective farmers, intellectuals, individual farmers, pensioners. They gave away personal money, funds earned on Sundays and Subbotniks, government bonds, valuables. In addition to money and valuables, collective farmers donated wool, sheepskins, sheep, grain, non-ferrous scrap metal, knitted things to the defense fund.
Since the winter of 1942, camel caravans loaded with Mongolian meat and wool went from Mongolia along the Chuisky tract. The total number of animals engaged in these transportation was 18 thousand heads.
The population of the region contributed personal funds for the construction of military equipment, provided assistance to the evacuated population, military hospitals.
As the western regions of the USSR were liberated from German troops, Oirotia, like all of Siberia, helped the population of these regions. On August 21, 1943, the Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On urgent measures to restore the economy in the regions liberated from the German occupation" was issued. This Resolution was discussed at meetings of collective farmers, workers and employees of the region. By December 1943, the Oirot region sent 4,000 sheep, 1,500 head of cattle, a lot of bread and grain, potatoes, and household items: clothes, shoes to the liberated regions. The Komsomol members of Oirotia next year laid hectares of "aid", the products from which were also sent to the liberated regions.
Educational institutions, children's institutions, residents of the besieged Leningrad and the Leningrad region and other regions of the country were evacuated to the Oirot region. So, in the fall of 1941 arrived at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute named. Karl Liebknecht. The opening at this educational institution in February 1942 of the Altai branch at the Faculty of Language and Literature was of exceptional importance for the region. After the re-evacuation of the institute to Moscow, this department in the amount of 52 students and three scientific workers was retained and prepared four graduates of qualified Altai specialists. On October 20, 1941, the Tambov Fruit and Vegetable Institute named after V.I. I.V. Michurin, also evacuated to Gorny Altai. For two graduations he gave 735 specialists for agriculture in the region. At the Institute. I.V. Michurin in 1943 defended his Ph.D. thesis M.A. Lisavenko. The scientific research laboratory of antler reindeer breeding of the USSR People's Commissariat for State Farms was transferred from Moscow to Oirotia; it was placed in the Shebalinsky reindeer herding farm. The latter served as an experimental base for the introduction of scientific methods of farming.
In January 1942, the 2nd Leningrad Special School of the Air Force, consisting of 500 people, was transferred to Oirot-Turu. She was placed in the building of the zoovet-technical school, in the boarding school and in the educational building of the workers' faculty. The archive contains several files in which the minutes of the meetings of the party organization of the Leningrad Special School were postponed. The pages of these documents reveal the difficult history of the Leningrad Flight School under evacuation conditions. At the meetings of the school party organization, a variety of issues of the educational and educational activities of the school were constantly discussed: the state of academic performance, the quality of knowledge of cadets, the organization of meals for teachers and students, an increase in the rate of food rations for students and others. Teachers complained about the lack of training space, the necessary experimental sites for training combat pilots; there were not enough notebooks, textbooks, drawing supplies, student equipment. But as can be seen from the documents, in wartime the cadets were not given any indulgences. The requirements for the education and combat training of future pilots were very serious. For the slightest violation of the performing discipline, the course leaders harshly asked the students.
In October-November 1941, the Borisopol orphanage of the Kiev region was evacuated to Askat of the Elikmanar aimag, which was first temporarily and then permanently located in the House of Tourists. The Askat Tourist House was completely re-equipped for children. It has a dining room, kitchen, work rooms, bedrooms for boys on the 1st floor, bedrooms for girls on the 2nd floor. On the territory of the orphanage, a sports ground with various facilities, a water pool, a shower was equipped. A 7-year school was organized at the orphanage. Since the Borisopol orphanage was placed at the disposal of the public education department of the Oirot (Gorno-Altai) regional executive committee, it was renamed into the Askat orphanage, which became an independent school-type institution for schoolchildren from 6 to 14 years old. It was financed from the budget of the Oirot regional executive committee and reported to it. At the orphanage there was a sewing and shoemaking workshop and a subsidiary farm that provided the orphanage with all the necessary food products: meat, milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, butter, yogurt, vegetables: potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, beets, etc. The workshops made sewing and repair of clothes , shoes. The pupils, together with the workers, took part in the renovation of the premises. The orphanage had its own library. The orphanage was designed for 120 children, but in fact, 140 inmates lived there. They were divided into three age groups: primary, middle and high school students. 14-year-old pupils who graduated from a 7-year school, the orphanage was obligatory employed in the collective and state farms of the Elikmanar region, at the enterprises of Oirot-Tura (since 1948.
In addition, two more orphanages were evacuated to Gorny Altai, which were located in the city of Oirot-Tura and in the village of. Manzherok of Oirot-Tur aimag. In 1942, 247 children and employees of the Leningrad Osteo-Tuberculosis Sanatorium (LDKTS) named after V.I. were evacuated from besieged Leningrad to Gorny Altai. V. Molotov. Sick children, accompanied by medical and service personnel, traveled for more than a month to the Chemal resort, which was closed at the beginning of the war. Upon arrival in the late summer of 1942, they were accommodated in two buildings of the Chemal resort, which had been deserted since the beginning of the war. Here LDKTS received a new name - the Chemal children's bone and tuberculosis sanatorium. The Leningrad osteo-tuberculosis sanatorium is considered to be operating since August 26, 1942. This day is considered the date of the foundation of the Chemal children's sanatorium. The chief physician on a permanent basis was N.I. Brodnev. The number of personnel from Leningrad and local specialists: doctors, nurses, nurses, nannies and others in the fall of 1942 was 75 people. The condition of the children suffering from bone tuberculosis and weakened from constant malnutrition in the blockade was so difficult; that many of them were on bed rest for months, and only a few of them could walk. Administrative, medical and service personnel were very attentive to the treatment and nutrition of children. Sick children were treated with the help of a sanatorium regimen, restorative medication, proper nutrition, rest in plaster beds and bandages. In 1942 - 1945. sick children received bread according to the wartime standards approved by the Altai Territory Healthcare and the head physician of the osteo-tuberculosis sanatorium: 60 preschool children, 400 g each, 20 children under the age of 11 - 450 g each; 96 children over the age of 11 - 500 each. Leningrad children and medical staff were in Chemal for 6 years. Sick children studied in the sanatorium, teachers worked with them. Upon completion of training, pupils received certificates of primary and incomplete secondary education. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed, and they were escorted home. 96 children over the age of 11 - 500 each. Leningrad children and medical staff were in Chemal for 6 years. Sick children studied in the sanatorium, teachers worked with them. Upon completion of training, pupils received certificates of primary and incomplete secondary education. Chemal's favorable climate and the selfless work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed, and they were escorted home. 96 children over the age of 11 - 500 each. Leningrad children and medical staff were in Chemal for 6 years. Sick children studied in the sanatorium, teachers worked with them. Upon completion of training, pupils received certificates of primary and incomplete secondary education. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. The Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed and they were escorted home. Sick children studied in the sanatorium, teachers worked with them. Upon completion of training, pupils received certificates of primary and incomplete secondary education. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. The Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed, and they were escorted home. Sick children studied in the sanatorium, teachers worked with them. Upon completion of training, pupils received certificates of primary and incomplete secondary education. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed and they were escorted home. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed and they were escorted home. Chemal's favorable climate and the dedicated work of doctors and service personnel gave a positive result. So, in 2 years, out of 247 children, 132 children were cured. In July 1945, the first re-evacuation took place for some of the Leningrad children. The Chemal sanatorium left 28 cured children, whose parents were in Leningrad, accompanied by several Leningrad employees. In 1948, the evacuation of all Leningrad employees and children was completed and they were escorted home.
One of the outstanding and tragic events of the Great Patriotic War is the heroic blockade of Leningrad, which lasted almost 900 days. The city of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War was also defended by our fellow countrymen.
About 5 thousand people arrived in Oirotia on the directions of the Evacuation Council. In Gorny Altai, Leningrad refugees found shelter for many war years, a significant part of whom were taken out along the "road of life" of Lake Ladoga. In the fund F. 36 of the Gorno-Altai City Executive Committee of the KU RA "State Archives of the SPD RA"there is case No. 394, which contains lists of citizens evacuated to the Oirot Autonomous Region. Most of the evacuees were from the Leningrad region, more precisely from the most besieged Leningrad, with the exception of a small number of citizens from Gatchina, Pavlovsk, Volkhov and other cities of the Leningrad region. So from the general list of evacuees accommodated in Oirot-Tour, in 1474 people, 1218 were Leningraders, that is, more than 80%. In the Shebalinsky aimag, out of the total list of 396 people, half (191 people) were from Leningrad. In the Ust-Kansk list, this figure was even higher, 80% of the evacuees were Leningraders. The social composition of the evacuated Leningraders was different, there were specialists of various professions: teachers of universities, secondary specialized institutions, school teachers, doctors, draftsmen, economists, accountants, bookkeepers, cashiers, representatives of working professions. A fairly high percentage of the evacuees were students.
In the first months of the war, regional and district operational groups were created to receive and accommodate the evacuated population. In the city dThe inspector of the Oirot-Turin city executive committee for the economic arrangement of the evacuated population was responsible for the accommodation, employment of the evacuated citizens and the assignment of their children to schools. The issues of the position and support of the evacuees were under the constant control of the regional operational group, created from the members of the Bureau of the Oirot regional committee and the executive committee. An appropriate amount was allocated from the regional budget for the arrangement of the evacuees.In Oirot-Tour and in aimags, the evacuated Leningraders were trying to find jobs by profession: teachers and teachers were sent to a teacher training college, urban and rural schools, doctors - to city and rural hospitals and outpatient clinics. As already mentioned, many children from besieged Leningrad arrived in Gorny Altai.It should be noted that all Leningrad children diligently studied in the schools of Oirotia, they were not given a discount for wartime and for their more than modest living conditions in evacuation. So, D. Abakumov, who came with his family from besieged Leningrad to Verkhniy Uimon, according to the reviews of teachers and the aimach district, was the best student of the Verkh-Uimon school.
The settlement of Leningraders in Oirot-Tour was carried out by the city executive committee. In the fall of 1941, the normthe living space in Oyrot-Tour was reduced to 3 square meters per person, the evacuees were placed on the vacated squares. But since it was hard with housing in the smallest city, on October 4, 1941. The city executive committee decided to introduce paid labor service for the construction of residential barracks to provide refugees with housing. Local industrial enterprises (martels) provided the evacuees with shoes, clothes, kitchen utensils: dishes, basins and other necessary household items that were needed in everyday life, furniture: tables, chairs. The evacuated citizens were given food products: flour, noodles, sugar, potatoes, cabbage, vegetable oil, salt, tea; provided with soap. The townspeople themselves helped the refugees, they shared not only square meters, but also things, food,
Since 1944, the evacuated Leningraders began to return home. Mass re-evacuation took place in the first post-war years. In the memory of the Leningraders who were sheltered by our region during the Great Patriotic War, "the small town of Oirot-Tura" and Gorny Altai as a whole remain forever. Some of their evacuated Leningraders, such as V.P. Rosenkov, E.A. Molodykh, V. Paraeva and others, remained in Gorny Altai forever.
By the end of 1941, about 30% of the skilled workers of Oirotia had been drafted into the active army. In addition, the region, in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population for work in the defense industry and construction sites," adopted on February 13, 1942, shared its labor resources with neighboring regions. Men aged 16 to 58 and women aged 16 to 45 who were not involved in socially useful labor were subject to mobilization. During the first two years of the war, 2.6 thousand people were sent from the Oirot region to this work. In 1942, in all branches of industry in Oirotia, there were less than 4 thousand workers, and by the end of 1945 - 3.4 thousand. One of the ways to solve the problem with labor at the enterprises of the region was to increase the workload and working day. increased obligations. The moral factors of activating workers were widely used: the regional Board of Honor, Books of the Home Front Guardsmen, regional newspapers, passing Red Banners, pennants, awarding with badges "Excellent Socialist Competition", diplomas, conferring honorary titles: "Best Master", etc., awarding government awards: orders and medals. The All-Union socialist competition, which arose in 1942 in response to the May Day calls of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the competition between home front workers and soldiers of the front-line units of the 56th Red Banner Division, the movement of Komsomol youth brigades, which turned into one of the the most massive forms of competition.
A characteristic feature of the composition of wartime workers was a sharp increase in the percentage of women and the rejuvenation of workers at the expense of persons 18 - 20 years old. At some enterprises of Gorny Altai, the number of women reached 65 - 70% of the total number of employees. Labor veterans, housewives, and teenagers were involved in active labor activity. A kind of exchange was carried out, in which the city sent seasonal workers to the village, but in return demanded permanent ones, in accordance with the obligatory mobilization of the rural working population for work in industry, within which the regional party committee approved the distribution list for the regions, and the district committees and executive committees of the Soviets distributed it among the farms. Thanks to the efforts of local party, Soviet, economic bodies, the industry of the region during the war was provided with an obligatory minimum of workers. In the conditions of massive replenishment of the working contingent with personnel who did not have the necessary qualifications, it was necessary to organize their training as soon as possible. During the war years, four main forms of training for workers operated at the enterprises of the region: Stakhanov schools for trained workers, targeted courses for training workers in scarce specialties, a technical minimum and a very effective brigade-individual method. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a vocational school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, in which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. who did not have the necessary qualifications, it was necessary to organize their training as soon as possible. During the war years, four main forms of training for workers operated at the enterprises of the region: Stakhanov schools for trained workers, targeted courses for training workers in scarce specialties, a technical minimum and a very effective brigade-individual method. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a trade school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, to which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. who did not have the necessary qualifications, it was necessary to organize their training as soon as possible. During the war years, four main forms of training for workers operated at the enterprises of the region: Stakhanov schools for trained workers, targeted courses for training workers in scarce specialties, a technical minimum and a very effective brigade-individual method. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a trade school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, to which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. During the war years, four main forms of training for workers operated at the enterprises of the region: Stakhanov schools for trained workers, targeted courses for training workers in scarce specialties, a technical minimum and a very effective brigade-individual method. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a vocational school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, in which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. During the war years, four main forms of training for workers operated at the enterprises of the region: Stakhanov schools for trained workers, targeted courses for training workers in scarce specialties, a technical minimum and a very effective brigade-individual method. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a trade school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudai district of the region, in which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a vocational school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, in which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininsky school was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture. By the decision of the Bureau of the Altai Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of Working People's Deputies on July 19, 1941, a vocational school was opened in the village of Inya, Ongudaysky district of the region, in which 170 people entered the first year. At that time, the Ininskoye School was the only educational institution in the region that trained personnel for industry and agriculture.
The problem of supplying the population with clothing, footwear, soap and other necessities was acute in wartime. From the middle of 1941, a rigid rationing system for supplying the civilian population was introduced. According to this system, priority in supply was given to workers in priority industries. The population was divided on the basis of social utility into four categories of supply: workers, employees, dependents, children under 12 years old. Supply rates ranged from 200 to 1000 g of bread per day; from 200 to 4500 g of meat and fish; from 150 to 1000 g of fat; from 200 to 600 g of sugar and confectionery per month. Without such tough measures, the Altai Territory would not have been able to provide its 2.5 million population with food and industrial goods. Even fewer products and goods arrived in the Oirot region, since the defense plants of the region were to be provided in the first place. The funds allocated by the state were primarily distributed among the needy and the families of front-line soldiers.
The leadership of the Oirot region made great efforts to reorganize economic activity in a military manner. Already in the first months of the war, a radical restructuring of the national economy took place in the region, which was left without workers, highly qualified specialists and equipment, in a military fashion.
The consequences of the war were hardest hit by agriculture. On the eve of the war, there were 315 collective farms and 10 state farms in the region, most of which specialized in the development of animal husbandry. During the war, the Soviet party leadership and the working people were tasked with a sharp increase in production and procurement of products in all areas of animal husbandry and agriculture: meat, milk, butter, wool, grain. In wartime, the problem of labor force and qualified personnel became extremely aggravated. The young and most able-bodied men went to the front: veterinarians, livestock technicians, agronomists and other agricultural specialists, experienced shepherds, herders, shepherds, tractor drivers, combine operators, blacksmiths, drivers, as well as managers: chairmen of collective farms and village councils, farm managers, foremen, agronomists ... In the first 6 months of the war alone, the number of collective farmers decreased by 20%, and by 1945 - by 45%. On July 1, 1943, out of 315 chairmen in the region, 296 were drafted into the army. There was a catastrophic shortage of bookkeepers, accountants, veterinarians and veterinarians, and agronomists. The war diverted a significant portion of agricultural machinery and horses to the front. During the first 6 months of the war, the number of cars decreased by more than 50%. working horses by 25%. The level of mechanization of agricultural production decreased by 2 times, for some types - by 4 times, the rest of the vehicles were often idle due to lack of spare parts, lack of fuel, low qualifications of machine operators who replaced those who had gone to the front. The regional leadership even made a special decision,
The state policy of the state in agriculture was aimed at mobilizing all the resources of the industry for the needs of the front, land relations, material and technical supplies, financial and tax policies, and the distribution of labor were placed under strict control. The state received most of the collective farm products through compulsory deliveries, as well as payments in kind to machine and tractor stations (MTS). In the region, there were procurement bodies that were engaged in the reception of seed material, broodstock, etc.
By the beginning of the spring sowing of 1941 in the region, 299 tractor drivers, 47 combine operators, 49 steering wheels and 34 threshing machine operators were trained at the mechanization school and courses at the MTS, but a significant part of these personnel went to the front during mobilization. North in 1941 was carried out in a shorter time. The collective and state farms of the Oirot region were the first in the Altai Territory to fulfill the plan for spring sowing. The total sown area in 1941 reached 61.611 hectares, against 51.042 hectares, which were sown in 1939, which amounted to 120.7%. Simultaneously with the growth of sown areas, the ratio of sowing crops changed towards more productive and profitable ones. If the total increase in sown areas in 1941 in comparison with 1940 was 12.5%, then for winter crops - 34.3%. In 1941, the Oirot region sowed winter rye three times more than in 1940, planted potatoes 44% more, garden and melon crops by - 75%. The growth of acreage and the increase in yield made it possible to increase the delivery of grain to the state. The 1941 crop was harvested on time thanks to a clear organization of the work. Workers and employees, high school students rendered great help in the procurement of forage and harvesting. Collective and state farms reaped their crops on time and paid off with the state ahead of schedule, having delivered 69% more grain and sowed 38% more winter crops than in 1940. In 1941, the regional collective farms handed over to the state grain for 122.2 poods. more than in 1940. In addition, 210,888 poods were sold to the state order and handed over to the defense fund. grains. Workers and employees, high school students rendered great help in the procurement of forage and harvesting. Collective and state farms reaped their crops on time and paid off with the state ahead of schedule, having delivered 69% more grain and sowed 38% more winter crops than in 1940. In 1941, the regional collective farms handed over to the state grain for 122.2 poods. more than in 1940. In addition, 210,888 poods were sold to the state order and handed over to the defense fund. grains. Workers and employees, high school students rendered great help in the procurement of forage and harvesting. Collective and state farms reaped their crops on time and paid off with the state ahead of schedule, having delivered 69% more grain and sowed 38% more winter crops than in 1940. In 1941, the regional collective farms handed over to the state grain for 122.2 poods. more than in 1940. In addition, 210,888 poods were sold to the state order and handed over to the defense fund. grains.
On the whole, in 1941, the leadership and workers achieved good results: the regional collective and state farms fulfilled their obligations to the state in grain delivery ahead of schedule, fulfilled the state plan for the development of livestock raising, staffed livestock farms, sowed winter rye almost three times more than in 1940. ., the region gave the country and the front tens of thousands of poods of selected grain, meat, wool and oil. Due to the fact that there were not enough workhorses in the collective farms of a number of regions, over 2 thousand cows of collective farmers were used for field work in the summer and autumn of 1941.
In the spring of 1942, the agriculture of the region faced the acute problem of a shortage of seeds, which arose due to the fact that in 1941 the collective farms did not fill up the seed fund in a timely manner, and an increase in the sown area. The issue of spring sowing in 1942 was discussed at the VIII plenum of the Oirot regional party committee, at sessions of councils, plenums of district party committees, in primary party organizations and at collective and state farm meetings. They managed to find seeds from neighboring districts of the Altai Territory by exchange for livestock.
Managed to resolve the issue of labor. According to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of April 17, 1942 "On the procedure for mobilizing the working population of cities and rural areas for agricultural work in collective farms, state farms and MTS", citizens were sent to work in collective farms. Men and women from 14 to 55 years old were subject to mobilization, as well as students of incomplete and secondary schools. Everyone mobilized for harvesting had to work out 40-50 workdays on collective farms and 50-60 daily norms on state farms, and a student - 20-30 workdays. For evading the fulfillment of labor service, the perpetrators were brought to administrative responsibility in the form of a fine of up to 100 rubles. or correctional labor. On April 13, 1942, a resolution was adopted "On raising the mandatory minimum of workdays for able-bodied collective farmers" to 120 workdays per year. A mandatory minimum was also introduced for adolescents - members of families of collective farmers - in the amount of at least 50 workdays. Collective farmers who did not fulfill the norms without good reason were expelled from the collective farms, put on trial, they lost the right to a personal plot. Strengthening the command and administrative methods of managing agriculture made it possible to mobilize the material and labor resources of the village more quickly.But the material situation of the rural population of the region has greatly deteriorated. The only way out in such an environment was the development of a personal economy, which covered the needs of collective farmers in grain by 8.9%, in potatoes - by 86.5%, in vegetables - by 90.6%, in meat - by 82.2% and milk - by 95.8%. Despite the fact that since 1943 the collective farms have been helping their workers to acquire personal livestock, the standard of living of the rural population remained low.
Despite all the difficulties, the regional administration in the spring of 1942 managed to organize the training of new specialists in the shortest possible time. Communists and Komsomol members were the mobilizing force in the countryside. Many wartime nominees became talented organizers of production, such as the chairman of the "Kyzyl Maany" collective farm of the Kosh-Agach region, I.I. Samaev, chairman of the collective farm. Budyonny Ust-Kansk district S. V. Patsukov, head of the sheep farm in the Kosh-Agach district Z. Ukhanova Zoya, chairman of the collective farm "Dyany Konok" of the Turachak district S. Kandarakova Sofia and many others. The 1942 sowing plan was fulfilled by 120%. This success was largely due to a clear and correct organization of labor. The regional party committee obliged district committees, district executive committees and its land departments to ensure the correct recruitment of brigades and units, assign certain sowing areas to them, establish targets for the yield of each crop. For overfulfilment of these tasks, additional payment was made. The most organized spring sowing campaign in 1942 was carried out in the Ust-Kansk aimag. The chairmen of the collective farms of this aimag, V.Ya. Komlev and T. Alchin, director of the Talitsk state farm S.I. Misgert. In the Oirot region, the initiative of the tractor drivers of the Stavropol Territory was supported, who began the all-Union socialist competition of tractor drivers and women's tractor brigades. So, in the Ongudai aimag, 19 women tractor drivers took part in this competition. The first among them was K. Diunova, who plowed two rates daily while saving fuel. For high performance in work she was awarded the medal "For Labor Distinction". In the spring of 1942
For high-quality spring sowing in 1942, the heads of the region and farms were awarded government awards. The Order of Lenin was awarded to the first secretary of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks F. S. Antonov, medals "For Labor Valor" - the chairman of the collective farm "Svetly Put" of the Ust-Kansky district M. I. Yabykova and the foreman of the tractor brigade of the Ust-Koksinsky district P. S. ... Kudryavtsev. In total , 13 people were awarded, more than 400 leaders received cash prizes. The region was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the regional executive committee. The Komsomol organization of the Ust-Kansk region, headed by Z. Danilenko, was awarded the Challenge Red Banner of the Regional Committee of the Komsomol. Ongudai and Elikmanar aimags were among the lagging districts.
To increase the gross grain volume in 1942, the area under crops was expanded. It was a forced measure dictated by the war. However, this led to a decrease in the quality of land cultivation and a drop in yield. But it was not possible to maintain the achieved size of the sown area due to a shortage of workers, poor technical equipment, sown areas were reduced until the end of the war. The profession of a tractor driver was actively mastered by women and adolescents, it was they who made up the main detachment of machine operators in the farms of the region.
In the fall of 1942, the workers of Oirotia had to harvest 71800 hectares of grain, which was much more than the previous year. 6179 high school students and students were sent to help collective farms from the regional and district centers. Of these, 404 people worked as harvesting machine operators, 342 people as heads of sheaf-tying units, 156 people as threshing brigade leaders, and 195 people as grain shipment managers. Special youth Komsomol posts were organized to protect the harvest. 300 people of regional and aimak party-Soviet activists were sent to collective and state farms to carry out measures to increase the rate of grain procurement. For the first time in the history of the region, a record grain harvest was harvested - 12,800 tons. The grain procurement plan was even overfulfilled, but partly due to the seed fund, which later affected in 1943.
The leadership and population of the Oirot region have done a great job of developing public livestock raising on collective farms. Almost all collective farms of the region in 1941 equipped the farms with breeding stock ahead of schedule. The plan for the breeding stock in the period was fulfilled and overfulfilled, which created the basis for further reproduction of the livestock in the future. The state plan for the development of animal husbandry for collective farms of the region in 1941 was fulfilled for cattle (cattle) by 99.6%, for small ruminants by 106.5%, for pigs by 108%, and for horses by 97.4%. In 1941, the public herd on collective farms increased: cattle by 8%; for sheep and goats - 20.8%; for pigs - 8.5%.
In 1941 the collective farms handed over to the state more than in 1940 wool by 18%, milk - by 46240 centners, eggs three times more. All 6 maral-breeding state farms of the region have exceeded the state plan for the delivery of antler products, meat, skins. According to the results of 1941 in the socialist competition, the Oirot region emerged as the winner among the farms of the Altai Territory. But not everything went smoothly; the calf conservation plan for the region was not fulfilled. Low indicators were given by Choisky, Ust-Kansky, Ust-Koksinsky and Kosh-Agachsky districts. The most difficult situation in animal husbandry in the first year of the war developed in the Choisky and Kosh-Agach aimags. On November 17, 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a decree on the creation of political departments in state farms and MTS. Fulfilling this resolution, the Oirot Committee at the beginning of 1942 created political departments in all 10 state farms and three MTS, which were staffed by experienced party workers. Workers of political departments have become real organizers of collective and state farm production.
In 1942, due to the low yield of hayfields, the problem with the preparation of roughage became aggravated. The plan for storing feed for the winter of 1942 - 1943. less than half completed; the collective farms did not have grain fodder and other concentrated feed, salt. The shortage of agricultural specialists, especially livestock specialists, had a severe impact. So at the beginning of 1943, there were 382 collective farms in the region, and in the region there were only 4 veterinarians and 19 veterinarians and 33 livestock technicians. In the winter of 1942 - 1943. an epidemic of foot and mouth disease broke out in the region. There were also subjective reasons: irrational consumption of feed, facts of poor care of animals in some collective farms. All this taken together led to the fact that from December 1942 to May 1943 the productivity of the livestock industry sharply decreased, and an uncontrolled death of animals occurred. During the year, 124,000 head of cattle died on the collective farms of Oirotia.
According to Ya. I. Brazhnikov, the first two war years left a heavy mark on the state of agriculture. It was very hard in 1943. The collective and state farms lacked machinery and harvesting equipment, fuel and lubricants, and the number of horses sharply decreased. 84% of collective farmers were women, 16% were elderly people, adolescents and disabled people. 80% of the tractor drivers and 3/4 of the combine operators were also women. They worked on tractors, combines, sowed and harvested grain, procured fodder for public livestock and looked after it. Among the chairmen of collective farms, the number of women was 17%. Instead of experienced specialists who had gone to the front, young people were at the head of collective and state farms, brigades and farms.
Excessive exertion of forces and means to fulfill the state plan of 1942, a lack of seeds in crop production, the death of a huge number of livestock due to a lack of feed, a gap between the size of sown and harvested areas, the lack of the necessary equipment and other factors predetermined the emergence of a difficult situation in agriculture of the region in 1943, which turned out to be the most difficult. To carry out the sowing campaign in 1943, 60,000 centners were not enough. grain seeds and 9000 c. seed potatoes. The state came to the rescue, providing support with a seed loan for 7800 cent., About 50,000 cent. was found locally within the framework of inter-collective farm assistance. The potato seeds were completely harvested locally. The sowing plan by the region was fulfilled by 94%. Compared with 1942, the sown area has decreased by 15%. It was from 1943 that the reduction of crops began in the region, typical for the subsequent war years. According to A.A.Irkitova, the dynamics of sown areas in the Oirot region was as follows: 1940 - 69.9 thousand hectares, 1941 - 81.7, 1942 - 93.2, 1943 - 74 , 6, 1944 - 66.5, 1945 - 58.4 thousand hectares.
A difficult situation persisted throughout 1943. The grain yield on collective and state farms fell. In the fall of 1943, the state received 520 thousand poods of grain, 175 thousand less than in 1942. The plan for the procurement of potatoes and sugar beets was not fulfilled. The feed storage plan was only 50% fulfilled. Harvesting work was done with the help of technology only 28%, and 72% - by hand. Young tractor drivers and combine operators who had no practical experience worked in the MTS. The number of cattle decreased by 31%, small ruminants - by 65,000 heads, blue - by 50%. The plan for state supplies of potatoes from 1943 began to be carried out at the expense of private farms. Collective farms accepted potatoes as workdays. The region was replacing the shortages in all types of agricultural products with meat.
But even in these extraordinarily difficult conditions, individual farms achieved noticeable success. According to the results of social competition in animal husbandry in 1943, the winners were: the collective farm "Kyzyl Argut" of the Kosh-Agach region, which fulfilled the state plan for the development of animal husbandry for horses by 100.5%, for cattle by 103.5%, for sheep by 111.5 %, for camels by 112.5%, and fully paid off with the state on the mandatory supply of livestock products; Sheep farm of the collective farm "Dyany Durum" of Ust-Kansk region, which fulfilled the plan for sheep breeding by 104.4%, received 118 lambs per 100 queens and increased the number of sheep by 20%.
The difficult state of affairs was alarmed by the regional leadership. On November 19, 1943, the Bureau of the Altai Territory Committee, after hearing the report "On the work of the Oirot regional committee of the CPSU (b)," decided to hold in December 1943 in all aimags of Oirotia, reporting and election district party conferences and party meetings for the election of a new composition of the leading party bodies. Due to the admitted death of livestock, non-fulfillment of grain deliveries in 1943, the 1st secretary of the Altai regional committee Lobkov was dismissed, and the first secretary of the Oirot committee of the CPSU (b) F.S. Antonov on November 23, 1943 was recalled to the disposal of the Altai regional committee party, instead of him IP Pechenov became the first secretary of the Oirot regional committee.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted Resolutions of January 19, 1944 "On measures to raise agriculture in the Altai Territory", of September 23, 1944 "On measures to raise livestock raising in the Oirot Autonomous Region of the Altai Territory," which emphasized that "the main branch of agricultural production there should be animal husbandry in the region ”. The regional administration, when planning the sown areas for 1944, made the necessary adjustments for individual aimags and collective farms in the direction of their reduction, directing the development of field cultivation to serve animal husbandry as the main branch of the regional economy. The decisions taken helped to improve the situation in the agriculture of the region.
In the winter of 1943 - 1944 at the Fruit and Vegetable Institute. IV Michurin organized monthly courses for the chairmen of collective farms in the Oirot region and adjacent districts of the Altai Territory. Professors and teachers of the university, agricultural specialists were engaged with the cadets. In total, the Fruit and Vegetable Institute during its stay in Oirot-Tour, and the Institute was re-evacuated in January 1944, trained 135 highly qualified specialists for agriculture in the region and the Altai Territory. In all districts, 10-day courses were held for the head. farms and field crew leaders; a large detachment of machine operators was trained. In Ongudaysky and Ust-Koksinsky districts, strong points of the Oirot complex station were organized.
Spring sowing and crop management in 1944 was carried out at a higher level. The state provided assistance with potato seeds in the amount of 250 thousand tons to collective farms, subsidiary farms, consumer cooperation, food processing, orphanages, hospitals and families of military personnel. The grain yield in 1944 was 47% higher than the previous year. The annual grain procurement plan was fulfilled, the state received 623 thousand poods. grain, for 103 thousand poods. more than in 1943. At the harvest, not only young people, but also elderly collective farmers showed samples of labor. Thus, in the collective farm "Lenin's Testament" of the Oirot-Tursky (Maiminsky) region, a link of elderly collective farmers systematically exceeded the production standards.
In 1944, the situation in livestock breeding in the region improved significantly, which was largely facilitated by the government's decree "On measures to raise livestock raising in the collective farms of the Oirot Autonomous Region of the Altai Territory" adopted in September 1944. The Council of People's Commissars ordered the regional executive committee to stop contracting and buying livestock from collective farmers and recommended to sell them 5 thousand bright animals in 1944, primarily to war veterans and their families. Collective farms have written off the debts of past years for the supply of meat, milk, wool and leather to the state, reduced by 10% the rate of mandatory meat supplies to collective farms that had two cattle and sheep farms, if one of them has a doubled minimum of livestock, streamlined the procedure for using pasture land. It was recommended to give extra in kind for overfulfillment of tasks for raising young animals and preserving adult cattle. In 1944, all farms paid off for deliveries. According to the results of the socialist competition in animal husbandry in 1944, the Ulagan region was recognized as the winner. The collective farms of this region fulfilled the plan for the number of horses by 105%, cattle by 105.4%, sheep and goats by 104.4%. The collective farm "Mukhor-Tarkhata" of the Kosh-Agach district, which fulfilled the plan for horses by 111.5%, cattle by 105, sheep and goats by 111.8%, became the best in the Oirot Autonomous Region and took 1st place among the collective farms of the Altai Territory. The dairy farm of the Zavet Lenina collective farm in the Oirot-Tursky (now Maiminsky) region, which fulfilled the plan by 110% and increased the livestock population by 32%, distinguished itself with good performance. all farms paid off for deliveries. According to the results of the socialist competition in animal husbandry in 1944, the Ulagan region was recognized as the winner. The collective farms of this region fulfilled the plan for the number of horses by 105%, cattle by 105.4%, sheep and goats by 104.4%. The collective farm "Mukhor-Tarkhata" of the Kosh-Agach district, which fulfilled the plan for horses by 111.5%, cattle by 105, sheep and goats by 111.8%, became the best in the Oirot Autonomous Region and took 1st place among the collective farms of the Altai Territory. The dairy farm of the Zavet Lenina collective farm in Oirot-Tursky (now Maiminsky) district, which fulfilled the plan by 110% and increased the number of livestock by 32%, distinguished itself with good performance. all farms paid off for deliveries. According to the results of the socialist competition in animal husbandry in 1944, the Ulagan region was declared the winner. The collective farms of this region fulfilled the plan for the number of horses by 105%, cattle by 105.4%, sheep and goats by 104.4%. The collective farm "Mukhor-Tarkhata" of the Kosh-Agach district, which fulfilled the plan for horses by 111.5%, cattle by 105, sheep and goats by 111.8%, became the best in the Oirot Autonomous Region and took 1st place among the collective farms of the Altai Territory. The dairy farm of the Zavet Lenina collective farm in the Oirot-Tursky (now Maiminsky) region, which fulfilled the plan by 110% and increased the livestock population by 32%, distinguished itself with good performance. The collective farm "Mukhor-Tarkhata" of the Kosh-Agach district, which fulfilled the plan for horses by 111.5%, cattle by 105, sheep and goats by 111.8%, became the best in the Oirot Autonomous Region and took 1st place among the collective farms of the Altai Territory. The dairy farm of the Zavet Lenina collective farm in the Oirot-Tursky (now Maiminsky) region, which fulfilled the plan by 110% and increased the livestock population by 32%, distinguished itself with good performance. The collective farm "Mukhor-Tarkhata" of the Kosh-Agach district, which fulfilled the plan for horses by 111.5%, cattle by 105, sheep and goats by 111.8%, became the best in the Oirot Autonomous Region and took 1st place among the collective farms of the Altai Territory. The dairy farm of the Zavet Lenina collective farm in Oirot-Tursky (now Maiminsky) district, which fulfilled the plan by 110% and increased the number of livestock by 32%, distinguished itself with good performance.
The government of the country praised the achievements in agriculture of Oirotia, equating them with major victories at the front. In February 1945, a group of party and Soviet workers of Altai of 31 people, including 22 people, were awarded with military orders. from the Oirot Autonomous Region. The Order of the Patriotic War of the II degree was awarded to the chairman of the regional executive committee Ch.K. Kydrashev, authorized by the Ministry of procurement in the region K.N. Dzyaminovich, secretaries of district committees: Oirot-Tursky - G.S. Dolgikh, Ongudaysky - A.I. Fatkin, Ust-Koksinsky - V. U. Radoshkin, chairmen of regional executive committees: Ongudaysky - A. G. Pautov, Turochaksky - V. G. Krechetov, Ust-Koksinsky - V. A. Breev.
As of January 1, 1945, there were 10 sovkhozes and 273 kolkhozes in the region, with 1,344 households in them. In the first half of 1945, the trend of improving the situation in the industry continued. The shift took place due to the greater assistance of the state during this period, the attraction of additional workers to the farms, an increase in material interest in the hard work of collective farmers. In 1945 Gorny Altai dealt with the sowing and harvesting companies. In 1945, the entire sown area of the Oirot region was 58.4 thousand hectares, a decrease occurred by 16.4%, but it was possible to expand the sowing of spring wheat by 11 thousand hectares. In 1945, the economy of the Ongudai region achieved great success. So, the collective farm "Dyany diel”Of this region, headed by the chairman E. Upaeva, carried out meat deliveries for 1945 and 1946. The collective farm" Erkin Omolik "of the Ongudai region (chairman F. Barsukov) paid off the meat supplies in full, the state plan fulfilled all indicators. This farm won 1st place in the region. He was presented with the Challenging Red Banner of the regional committee and the regional executive committee.
Despite the enormous difficulties of the war years, the agricultural workers of the Oirot Autonomous Region managed to make a worthy contribution to providing the front and industry with food and raw materials. For 1941 - 1945 collective farmers of Gorny Altai handed over to the state 416 thousand c. grain, 217.6 thousand centners of meat, 750 thousand centners of milk, 1,312 centners of animal oil, 15,840 centners of wool, 108,000 leathers, more than 187 thousand sheepskins.
Farms of the region handed over to the state the products of taiga crafts: pine nuts, mountain honey, furs and fish. It was allowed to surrender the walnut instead of all types of agricultural products subject to delivery to the state for mandatory deliveries, payment in kind for the work of MTS and the return of loans for equivalents. 1 pood of pine nuts was taken instead of 3 poods. grains, 1.5 poods. meat and 5 pounds of wool. At the beginning of the war 170653 people were engaged in hunting, of which 83 were women. The production rate per season for a professional hunter was over 600 rubles.
For their conscientious work, 2.5 thousand workers of Oirotia were awarded government awards. This is the chairman of the collective farm "Dyany diel" of the Ongudaysky district E. I. Upaeva, awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the shepherd of the Tenginsky sheep farm T. Marchina, awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the link collective farm named after S. Kuibysheva of the Ust-Koksinsky district E. M. Kiseleva awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, maral breeder of the Abaysky state farm M. P. Cheprasova, awarded the Order of Lenin, a noble camel breeder of the collective farm "Path to Communism" of the Kosh-Agach region Kadyr Achubaev, awarded the Order of Lenin and dr.
The war made serious adjustments to the industrial development of Gorny Altai. On the one hand, it accelerated the development of a number of related industries that were of military-defense importance, on the other hand, the war slowed down the development of enterprises that had lost important supplies from the European part of the country, skilled workers and engineering personnel, equipment, etc.
With the outbreak of the war, workers and engineering and technical personnel at all industrial establishments were sharply reduced in connection with the conscription into the ranks of the Red Army. The shortage of labor was made up through the mobilization of the rural population and the unemployed urban contingent of residents, and their working qualifications through various courses, Stakhanov schools, etc. Teenagers, women and elderly people came to replace those who went to the front. The war brought about many specific changes in the work of the state, local and cooperative industry of Gorny Altai. The concept of "local industry" united enterprises of different industries that use local raw materials and wastes from large industries to produce cultural goods, building materials, and partly food. They were subordinate to the people's commissariats of the local industry. The pre-war low capacity of local industry enterprises was supplemented at the beginning of the war by the confiscation of equipment, premises, vehicles, raw materials and materials. Working conditions in leather, felting and felt workshops were rather difficult due to high air humidity, harmful fumes, and poor mechanization. Many enterprises hired homeworkers to fulfill orders, resorted to the help of local Soviets, which recruited the necessary specialists who did not work in their specialty in institutions, enterprises, collective farms, state farms.Despite attempts, the personnel problem in the local industry has not been resolved. But on the whole she coped with orders for the front.
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War , several industrial establishments appeared in Oirot-Tour. On February 11, 1941, a garment factory of the People's Commissariat of Light Industry was opened, on June 16, 1941 - at the Oirot furniture factory - a transport shop, in 1942 a felt-felting factory, a city kirzavod and 52 new workshops for sewing clothes and shoes were opened. In July 1941, enterprises of the local industry of the Oirot region received a special assignment: sewing tunics, wide trousers, linen, caps with earflaps, garrison caps, bandoliers, quilted jackets, making parocon carriages, skis, pyramids for rifles, felt boots. This required a restructuring of the work of industrial enterprises. The processing of sheepskins and leathers, the production of footwear, uniforms, food products and many others were reoriented to the needs of the front.The enterprises of the region's multi-industrial union system fulfilled the order of the People's Commissariat of Defense for sewing uniforms in the second half of 1941 by 154.7%, for the manufacture of felt boots - by 113%. In 1941, the best indicators were achieved by state-owned enterprises: Syrtrest, which fulfilled the plan by 104%, a bakery, it fulfilled the plan by 112.5%, a felt light industry factory (plan - 111.2%), regional industrial plants: Ust-Kansky - 130%, Ust-Koksinsky - 110%, Ongudaysky - 120%.
In 1943, many enterprises were able to enter the rhythm of wartime, to mobilize all their capabilities. The 1943 plan was fulfilled by state enterprises by 104%, by cooperative enterprises by 103%. Successfully coped with the production programs of the enterprise: a meat-packing plant in the town of Oyrot-Tura (184%), a bakery (137%), a garment factory of the Krailegprom (100%). In the latter, the advanced brigade, headed by A.K. Alexandrova. Its members Z. Bolgova, T. Danilova performed three norms each. The lag was observed only in the food industry, where the percentage of implementation of the plan was 72.3%. The reason for this was, first of all, in the particularly difficult state of agriculture in the region in 1943. The shortage of meat, vegetables and other raw materials to the enterprises of the industry directly affected the pace of its development.
At the beginning of the war, the Oirotka martel was strengthened by joining the NK Krupskaya martel. In July 1943, a weaving shop was organized in the Oirotka industrial martel, headed by the Stakhanovka Smirnovskaya. In 1944, the Oirotka artel, having fulfilled the plan by 120%, was declared the winner in the socialist competition among regional enterprises. She received the challenge Red Banner of the regional committee of the CPSU (b) and the regional executive committee, a cash prize (15 thousand rubles). The enterprise was headed at that time by the oldest member of the party, M. M. Krumina. During the war years "Oirotka" sewed trousers, tunics, garrison caps, sheepskin coats, sweatshirts for soldiers. In addition, the team was engaged in the production of many products, and carried out individual orders of the local population. In "Oirotka" there were shoe and hosiery shops. By the end of 1944, 150 people worked in the artel. This is almost a whole factory.
In 1943-1944. five new cooperative cooperatives of disabled people were organized, equipped with equipment. The network of repair shops for servicing the population was expanded. Despite the successes of individual enterprises, the situation in the local industry of the region remained difficult: it could hardly cope with orders from the front, producing almost nothing for the population. To meet the minimum demand of the population for essential goods, the following workshops were opened: 2 buttons, 9 soap-making, 1 hosiery, 2 iron-scrapers. The production of tableware, tar, turpentine, fir oil, knitwear, and shoe cream was established.
During the war years, mining production developed in Gorny Altai. On the instructions of the State Defense Committee (GKO), in July 1941, work began on the development of the Kalgutinsky molybdenum-tungsten deposit. The enterprise "Kalgutstroy" was created there. In the first years of the war, the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Non-Ferrous Metals placed high hopes on the extraction of tungsten, which was an important strategic raw material for the country's military industry. For this reason, thousands of prisoners were sent to the mine under construction. The main task of "Kalgutstroy" in the summer of 1941 was the construction of the road Kosh-Agach - Kalgutinskoye field. The road had to be pulled by hand, breaking through the rocks with primitive tools: picks, shovels collected from the population of the Kosh-Agach region. Since 1941, the products of the Kalgutinsky tungsten-molybdenum enterprise have been going to the main tank city of the country - Chelyabinsk. In 1942 g. "Kalgutstroy" was first transferred to the subordination of "Kolyvanstroy" of the Glavredmet of NKTsM and at the end of the same year - to the Oirot trust "Oyrotzolotoredmet". In 1944, the government allocated 5 million rubles for the further development of the mine. The main objects of the construction were an enrichment plant with a throughput capacity of 100 tons of ore / day, a metallurgical plant, and a cable car.
From the first months of the war, the leadership of the region and the region began organizing mercury production on the basis of the Aktash deposit. In October 1941, the Oirot regional party committee appealed to the People's Commissariat for non-ferrous and rare metals with a proposal to build a large mining and processing complex at the Aktash deposit. At the end of 1941, the People's Commissariat for Tsvetredmet made a decision to establish the Aktash mine for the extraction and processing of mercury in Oirotia. The enterprise had to be built in the incredibly difficult natural and climatic conditions of the highlands with an acute shortage of engineering and technical personnel, equipment and transport. In Oirotia, a Komsomol appeal was announced, thanks to which young people went to work for Aktashstroy, having undergone preliminary training in technical courses. Participated in the constructionthe prisoners of ITK No. 5, 6, located in Aktash, provided all-round assistance with food and horses with carts from the collective farms of the Kosh-Agach district. In December 1942, the Aktash mercury complex, which included a mine and a processing plant, was built. The industrial artel became the legal form of the enterprise. Gorny Altai was the only mining center for this ore.As early as 1942, the mine fulfilled its first annual plan by 111.4%. In wartime, the workers constantly exceeded the plan, which was about 1 ton per month, they reduced the cost by 45% with rationalization proposals and the introduction of technical innovations. The leaders of the mercury production were the miners Kamenskiy, Tarasov, the wood-cutters Karpov, Antonov and others. The workers and specialists of the Aktashskiy mine were repeatedly awarded with government awards. So, the head of the mine V.G. Tatarchenko was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, the workshop foreman P. Maidurov - the medal For Labor Valor.
Simultaneously with the Aktash complex, the construction of an operational exploration plant for the processing of ores of the Chagan-Uzun deposit of non-ferrous and rare metals was carried out, for which the state allocated 2.2 million rubles. The mining and processing plant was put into operation at the beginning of 1943. It processed more than 10 thousand ore per day. The bulk of gold during the war years was mined by the Altaysky mine, other mines were developing, prospector mining was in progress.
The creation of mining production in Gorny Altai led to a change in the structure of investment in the industry of the region. If the local industry in 1941 received 722 thousand rubles, then in 1942 - 146 thousand, and investment in the mining industry increased from 80 thousand to 3.6 million.At the end of the war, the mercury artel was transformed into a state enterprise - "Aktash ore management".
The management system for the mining industry was as follows. In December 1942, by decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Oyrotzolotoredmet trust was created, which united all the enterprises of the mining industry of the region and partly of the Altai Territory. It includes: Aktash mine for mining and processing of mercury, Zmeinogorsky mine for gold and barite, Kalgutinsky tungsten mine, Turachak gold administration and Baranchinsky gold mine administration. This measure made it possible to more quickly resolve issues of material and technical supply, maneuvering personnel, and providing more assistance on the ground. The main specialists of the mining industry had a reservation from the front. For 5 months of 1943, the enterprises of the trust fulfilled the labor productivity plan per worker by 121.7%, and the plan for marketable output by 127.2%. The plan for the whole year was completed by 125.4%, in 1944 - by 111%. The volume of production during the war years increased by 1.8 times. The Oyrotzolotoredmet trust continued to successfully cope with government assignments in subsequent years.
The war complicated the situation in the timber industry of Oirotia, represented by Daibovsky (in the post-war period Turochaksky), Kebezensky, Pyzhinsky timber industry enterprises. The number of qualified personnel in it decreased to 55-60%, technicians - to 35%. As a result, a chronic shortage of manpower, equipment and vehicles, poor technical equipment and low organization of woodcutters' labor reduced labor productivity in the forest industry.
With the development in the field of defense industries, the role of the Chuisky tract, the main transport artery of Gorny Altai, also increased. In November 1942, the leadership of the Oirot region introduced labor service for the entire wartime period in the areas through which the Chuisky tract ran for uninterrupted road traffic along the Chuisky tract, preparatory work to combat snow drifts, as well as work to clear the tract from snow in winter time. The attraction of citizens to labor service was allowed for up to 2 months, the working day lasted 8 hours a day and 3 hours of mandatory overtime, that is, 11 hours.
Thus, in the difficult conditions of wartime, the region sought every opportunity to supply the population and the front with food and other means. The economy of Altai Mountains suffered great damage. Despite the fact that the entire population worked at the limit of technical and human capabilities, Gorny Altai made a worthy contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany.
