In 1755-1756 In connection with the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate, the territory of Gorny Altai was flooded with the troops of the Qing Empire and the rebellious noyon Amursana. In January 1756, a council of 13 zaisans (Ombo, Bookol, Kutuk, Buktush, Burut, Nomykai Amzina, Kocheren, etc.) was held in the valley of the Kairluk river. On behalf of the audience, Zaisan Ombo appealed to Empress Elizabeth with a request for her admission and protection. At the council of the zaisans, held on May 3, 1756, their desire to be a citizen of Russia was confirmed. On May 24, the headquarters of the commander of the Siberian troops received a decree of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs (KID) of Russia dated May 2, 1976, with a detailed statement of the conditions and procedure for admitting the Dzungarians (Altaians) into Russian citizenship.“The aforementioned Zengorod zaisans,” the decree said, “even if they did not go in conjunction with the Volga Kalmyks, they should not refuse the citizenship of Her Imperial Majesty, but whether they were allowed to roam along the aforementioned rivers or in other places within the border, this is left to consideration there . " Particular attention was paid to the adoption of appropriate measures so that the Altaians " upon their entry into the citizenship of Her Imperial Majesty from the Chinese side were left alone . " Fearing Qing invasions, it was also ordered by any means to persuade the new subjects to go to live in the Volga steppes.
On June 21, 1756, the zaisans Buktush, Burut, Cheren, Nomyk and demichi Mengosh Sergekov from the otok of the zaisan Bookola arrived in the Biysk fortress. Later, the zaisans Namyk Emanaev, Kokshin Emzynakov and Kutuk Kutuigulin came to Biysk. Thus, along the entire length of the Kolyvan-Kuznetsk and the southern part of the Irtysh military lines (in the Biysk, Kolyvan and Ust-Kamenogorsk fortresses), there was a massive admission of former Dzungarian subjects into Russian citizenship.
In September 1756, the Zaisans Ombo, Kulchugai and Boboy, the foremen (demichi) Mengosh Sergekov, Samur, Altai, Yaykash, Dabhur and their people swore allegiance to Russia. The total number of accepted people was approximately 3300 people. In October 1756, the zaisans Batu-Menko, Erken-Kashka, Angir Boyken, Baysur-Bakshi and Gurban-Kashka (1575 people) took Russian citizenship in the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress. The foremen of Zaisan Kulchukai (657 people) were also received. By the end of 1756, the number of people admitted to Russian citizenship was over 5530 people. And by the beginning of the summer of 1757, according to the report of the Orenburg governor V.A.Myatlev, a total of 7,011 people were accepted into Russian citizenship.
By the decree of the KID of Russia of May 20, 1757, it was ordered by different parties to send the Altaians (Telenguts, Uryankhais) and other Dzungarian refugees admitted to Russia to the Volga. On July 28, 1757, a large kosh caravan with 2277 settlers left Biysk. The path of the caravan ran through Semipalatinsk, Omsk, Tara, Ishim, Kurtamysh. According to the message, on February 17, 1761, in the name of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, 2,047 wagons (courtyards) of Altai Telenguts and Uryankhais were settled among the Volga Kalmyks. The baptized Dzungarian refugees who were on the Siberian military lines moved in a separate group. In October 1757, a group of 408 people was delivered to Tomsk and placed in the surrounding villages. In the villages of the Tarsk district, 408 people wintered and in the Uklykaragay fortress - 279 people. In the summer of 1758 a large group of baptized Dzungarian settlers continued on their way to Stavropol (present-day Togliatti). But some of the settlers were left in Orenburg and included in the irregular Kalmyk corps as a separate company headed by the zaisan Andrei Karlov. According to the report of the Orenburg provincial chancellery and according to the "Extract from the cases of the Zengor people", compiled by the KID of Russia, by November 1759, 1765 men alone were delivered to Stavropol. It should be said that not all Dzungarian refugees were sent to the Volga region. A significant group of refugees was accommodated in the Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, where they joined the local yasak (Teleut, Shor, Khakass) population. But some of the settlers were left in Orenburg and included in the irregular Kalmyk corps as a separate company headed by zaisan Andrei Karlov. According to the report of the Orenburg provincial chancellery and according to the "Extract from the cases of the Zengor people", compiled by the KID of Russia, by November 1759, only 1,765 men were delivered to Stavropol. It should be said that not all Dzungarian refugees were sent to the Volga region. A significant group of refugees was accommodated in the Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, where they joined the local yasak (Teleut, Shor, Khakass) population. But some of the settlers were left in Orenburg and included in the irregular Kalmyk corps as a separate company headed by zaisan Andrei Karlov. According to the report of the Orenburg provincial chancellery and according to the "Extract from the cases of the Zengor people", compiled by the KID of Russia, by November 1759, only 1,765 men were delivered to Stavropol. It should be said that not all Dzungarian refugees were sent to the Volga region. A significant group of refugees was accommodated in the Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, where they joined the local Yasak (Teleut, Shor, Khakass) population. that not all Dzungarian refugees were sent to the Volga region. A significant group of refugees was accommodated in the Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, where they joined the local yasak (Teleut, Shor, Khakass) population. that not all Dzungarian refugees were sent to the Volga region. A significant group of refugees was accommodated in the Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk districts, where they joined the local yasak (Teleut, Shor, Khakass) population.
The peculiarity of the political situation was that in the second half of the 1750s. in the central and southern parts of Gorny Altai, in addition to the Altaians - Russian subjects, there remained a large group of the population, which formally did not accept either Russian or Qing citizenship for fear of being resettled from their native land. However, thanks to the missions of Lieutenant F. Zalivin and boyar son I. Maksyukov to the central Altai (Ursula Valley), it was possible to persuade the zaisans Namzhil Tysov, Chubrek Akbilekov and some foremen, who remained in the Altai mountains, to become citizens of Russia. In 1760-1761 The Russian government attempted to strengthen the Russian border in Altai by building fortresses and other military structures. But due to "impenetrable natural obstacles" the plan was not implemented. Therefore, the territory of Gorny Altai remained outside the line of Russian military fortresses, outposts and other fortifications. On the inner side of the Qing-Chinese border outposts, there were the nomadic camps of the Chuy Telengits in the southeast of Altai Mountains. Until the early 1790s. The Qing government of China did not abandon the idea of alienating the lands of the Altaians and made various claims. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. outposts and other fortifications. On the inner side of the Qing-Chinese frontier outposts, there were the nomad camps of the Chuy Telengits in the southeast of Altai. Until the early 1790s. The Qing government of China did not abandon the idea of alienating the lands of the Altaians and made various claims. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. outposts and other fortifications. On the inner side of the Qing-Chinese frontier outposts, there were the nomad camps of the Chuy Telengits in the southeast of Altai. Until the early 1790s. The Qing government of China did not abandon the idea of alienating the lands of the Altaians and made various claims. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. On the inner side of the Qing-Chinese frontier outposts, there were the nomadic camps of the Chuy Telengits in the southeast of Altai Mountains. Until the early 1790s. The Qing government of China did not abandon the idea of alienating the lands of the Altaians and made various claims. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. On the inner side of the Qing-Chinese frontier outposts, there were the nomad camps of the Chuy Telengits in the southeast of Altai. Until the early 1790s. The Qing government of China did not abandon the idea of alienating the lands of the Altaians and made various claims. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities. The claims of the Qing border officials in December 1790 were reported to the KID of Russia. On April 1, 1791, an order was received from the ruling Senate to suppress every case of territorial claims of the Qing border administration. If it was impossible to resolve the incident peacefully, it was ordered to stop it "by the action of military commands." This put an end to the provocative actions of the Qing border authorities.
The annexation of Gorny Altai, which occupies a strategic position at the junction of Western Siberia and Central Asia, strengthened Russia's geopolitical position and created the conditions for its subsequent advance to Central Asia. In the centuries-old history of the Altai people, the middle of the 18th century remains a significant milestone: as part of the Russian state, the 19th century: changes in economic and social life made possible the revival of the ethnocultural potential of the Telenguts, other Altai tribes, bloodless by war, and their consolidation into a new ethnic community - the Altai people.
Transition to a peaceful life. After joining Russia, the territory of Gorny Altai was first included in the Kuznetsk district, then (since 1782) it was assigned to the Biysk district of the Kolyvan province. Since 1804 Biysk and Kuznetsk districts (uyezds) have been included in the Tomsk province. The lower level of management of the indigenous inhabitants of Gorny Altai practically did not undergo any changes. So, the inhabitants of the northern Altai entered the old yasak volosts, the southeastern part - into the Tauteleut double-ted volosts. Altaians, former Dzungar subjects, were distributed among nomadic dyuchs.
In the second half of the 18th century. the system of management and court of the indigenous peoples of Siberia was determined by the Instruction of the Senate of 1763, issued to Major Seconds A. Shcherbachev to regulate the collection of yasak during a trip to Siberia. The instruction determined the procedure for collecting yasak, as well as the procedure for trading with the yasak population. However, the peculiarities and difficulties of managing the vast territory of Siberia forced the Russian government to start new reforms.
The reform of M. M. Speransky. In the first third of the XIX century. The reform of the Siberian government was carried out under the leadership of a prominent statesman M. M. Speransky, appointed by a personal decree of March 22, 1819, Governor-General of Siberia. On July 22, 1822, Emperor Alexander I approved yu laws, including the "Institutions for the administration of the Siberian provinces" and the "Charter on the administration of foreigners". Depending on the way of life, "all foreign tribes living in Siberia, which are still called yasach tribes," are assigned to the class of "foreigners" with a division into three categories: sedentary, nomadic and wandering. The indigenous peoples of the Biysk and Kuznetsk districts were assigned to the second category. They have retained a customary system of administration and justice; under a special provision they paid taxes and bore obligations. The nomads are entitled to the lands "now occupied by them"; they were exempted from recruiting (military) service and enjoyed freedom of religion. In the management practice of the Altaians, the same positions have been preserved that existed before the adoption of the Charter. At the head of the nomadic volost (duchina) was the zaisan, to whom the demichs, shulengs and arbanaks obeyed. In the social life of the Altaians of the 19th century. the old tradition of convening national congresses (suglans) of officials of the tribal administration and noble people of all duchins has been preserved. At such congresses, legal proceedings took place, decisions were discussed and made on the layout and carrying of various duties, the procedure for using cedar forests, hunting grounds, etc. At the head of the nomadic volost (duchina) was a zaisan, to whom the demichs, shulengs and arbanaks obeyed. In the social life of the Altaians of the XIX century. the old tradition of convening people's congresses (suglans) of officials of the tribal administration and noble people of all duchins has been preserved. At such congresses, legal proceedings took place, decisions were discussed and made on the layout and carrying of various duties, the procedure for using cedar forests, hunting grounds, etc. At the head of the nomadic volost (duchina) was the zaisan, to whom the demichs, shulengs and arbanaks obeyed. In the social life of the Altaians of the XIX century. the old tradition of calling people's congresses (suglans) of officials of the tribal administration and noble people of all duchins has been preserved. At such congresses, legal proceedings took place, decisions were discussed and made on the layout and carrying of various duties, the procedure for using cedar forests, hunting grounds, etc.
There were differences in the public administration of the two Chuy double-Ted volosts. All internal affairs in these volosts (koshuns) were decided by the zaisans under the supervision of Chinese officials who visited the Suok border picket. Chui zaisans and demichs also fulfilled a number of obligations to the Russian government: they voluntarily contributed natural taxes (sea otters) to the Biysk regional treasury, ensured the safety and protection of the property of Russians who were on their nomads.
The settlements of Russian peasants (villages, villages) were counted among the peasant volosts, the administrations of which were located in the foothill part of the 19th century: changes in economic and social life at a great distance. For example, the village of Nizhniy Uimon belonged to the Smolensk volost. The same thing happened with the settlements. Thus, the villages located along the Chuysky tract were assigned to the Altai volost (with the center in the village of Altaysk), and the villages near the Uimonsky tract - to the Anuisky volost (the village of Anuyskoe).
The annexation of the Chui volosts to Russia. In July 1862, in Chuguchak (China), another round of negotiations began on the demarcation of the Russian-Chinese state border (including its Altai section), and again the question arose about the territory of the Chui volosts and the political status of the Chui Telengits. As a result of active advocacy representatives of Russian public authorities (AG Printtsa, Tomsk governor MG Lerche) with direct participation of the missionary and writer MV Chevalkova zaisan, "the best and honorable" people Chui telengits prone to move in citizenship of the "white king". Residents of the 1st Chuy volost were officially accepted into Russian citizenship on October 10, 1864, and the 2nd Chuy volost, on January 12, 1865.
Population growth. After the annexation of Gorny Altai to the Russian state, the class and ethnic composition of its population changed significantly. In the second half of the 18th century. the general stabilization of the political situation in Gorny Altai contributed to the fact that a large number of people, previously hiding in the mountains, began to be ranked among the Altai duchins. In the first third of the XIX century. two factors had a positive effect on demography: the gradual establishment of a peaceful life, the revival of cattle breeding and agriculture; the return to their homeland of part of the population previously driven into captivity. Some returned home at the request of the Siberian provincial administration, others did this by presenting rich gifts to the Ching border chiefs, and the rest were lucky in their escape home from captivity. In the subsequent period, the growth of the region's population was significantly influenced by the growing influx of Russian peasants and sedentary "foreigners" (Teleuts and Russianized descendants of indigenous people) from the neighboring regions of Siberia. In general, over the century (1797-1897) the total population of the Altai Mountains increased 10.4 times, and only nomadic volosts and duchins increased 7.5 times.
The transition from nomadism to settled life. One of the positive consequences of the long-term neighborhood and the constantly strengthening economic and cultural ties of the Altaians and local Russian peasants was the transition of a significant part of the Altai from nomadism to settled life. According to the 1897 census, 587 settlements were counted in Gorny Altai, including 210 settled settlements (villages, villages, townships, zaimki, ails) and 377 camps (tracts). In the first group of settlements, 45% of the population lived, and in the second, i.e., in camps, 55%.the entire population, including over 70% of the indigenous population. The general tendency for the Altai mountain pastoralists-semi-nomads to settle down was reflected in the change in the types of dwellings. According to information for 1832, the only form of dwelling of the Altaians were yurts, moreover, half of them were felt. By the end of the XIX century. The main form of dwelling of the Altai people remains the yurt (89% of all dwellings), but huts and houses are already spreading (11%). Among yurts, the share of felt fell to 5%. An indicator of the spread of settled life among the Altaians is also the degree of development of their agriculture and procurement of fodder for livestock: according to data for 1896, 49% of farms had crops and 96% prepared hay.
The beginning of the XX century: reforms and transformations
Administrative and land reforms. Based on the law of May 31, 1899 in 1902-1906. the land and forest allotments of Russian peasants-old-timers and sedentary Altaians ("foreigners") of Gorny Altai were delimited. With the land management of the sedentary population, the question arose about the structure of the nomadic population. This issue was repeatedly discussed in the Cabinet, the Resettlement Administration, the Tomsk Provincial Administration and was finally approved at the end of 1910. In 1911-1913. the nomadic population was also allocated land plots. By the decision of the provincial administration of March 21, 1912, the nomadic "alien" population of Gorny Altai was transferred to the category of sedentary with the introduction of public administration and a court on the basis of the general provision on peasants. In 1912-1913. nomadic volosts (duchyny) with tribal boards were eliminated and instead territorial volosts with rural communities of the peasant type were introduced. As a result, land management received a complete land and administrative structure of 630 settlements, which were combined into 263 rural (land) societies.
